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In Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia, what role did Native Americans and slaves have...

In this book, Holton asserts that slaves and Native Americans helped propel the Virginia gentry towards revolution against the British. It should be noted that he does not think that any one group caused the American Revolution but that different groups created what he calls a "web of influence" that helped move the Virginia gentry towards revolution (page xvii). The crown's policies about Native Americans propelled free whites towards revolution because the British policy favored avoiding a war with Native Americans. To do so, the crown restricted the movements of whites who wanted to settle on the western frontier. As Holton writes, settlers had been moving westward in Virgina towards the Appalachians dating back to the 1740s. By the late 1760s, white families had already reached the Appalachians. However, the Proclamation of 1763, passed by the British crown, established a western boundary to white settlement that the Virginia House of Burgesses wanted to repeal. Their petition to do so was rejected by the Privy Council in England. The British policies about slaves also moved the Virginia gentry towards revolution. In 1775, the British Governor, Dunmore, began to provide runaway slaves with arms to counter settlers who disagreed with royal policies. Arming slaves also went against the interest of the gentry and moved them towards the American Revolution.

How would you design an experiment to demonstrate the first law of reflection of light?

The first law of reflection says simply that the angle of the incident ray and the reflected ray are always the same, `theta_I = theta_R` .To show this experimentally, we need three things: a laser, to give us well-defined incident rays of light, a mirror, to reflect off of, and some form of sensors or detectors that allow us to measure the angles.Then, we point the laser at the mirror at various known...

The first law of reflection says simply that the angle of the incident ray and the reflected ray are always the same, `theta_I = theta_R` .

To show this experimentally, we need three things: a laser, to give us well-defined incident rays of light, a mirror, to reflect off of, and some form of sensors or detectors that allow us to measure the angles.

Then, we point the laser at the mirror at various known angles, `theta_I` , and measure the angle of the light that comes off the mirror, `theta_R` . We can't actually see the rays, but we can measure where the light hits our detectors and extrapolate what the rays must have been, thereby determining the angle. (We could also put this whole apparatus in a cloud chamber and almost actually see the rays — what's really happening is we've essentially set up millions of detectors right in a row.)

If the first law of reflection is right (and it is), the reflected ray and the incident ray should have the exact same angle, within the margin of error of our experimental setup. In fact, this law is so thoroughly empirically supported that if we don't get that result, we can basically be sure there is something wrong with our experimental setup, and have no reason to actually doubt the first law of reflection.

What are examples of metonymy in Anthem by Ayn Rand?

Metonymy involves using a word or concept associated with something instead of the thing itself. An example is "suit" for "business executive." An example in Anthem is the following from Chapter 1: "It is as if we were speaking alone to no ears but our own." In this case, "ears" comes to stand for the entire human being who the narrator, Equality 7-2521, is speaking to. Another example from Chapter 1 is the following: "We think there are mysteries in the sky and under the water and in the plants that grow." In this example, "the sky" stands for more than just the sky but represents the entire heavens, and the water represents the seas; the plants represent the entire natural world of flora and fauna. A final example from Chapter 1 is "no eyes can see us as we crawl under our seat and under the cloth of the tent." In this example, "eyes" stand for the ability of other people to see the narrator.

Why does Bradbury include the exact times of specific events in "There Will Come Soft Rains"?

The chronology is important in this story because it creates suspense and helps the reader understand the effect of no longer having humans.

Is time important when there are no longer people around to perceive it? That is one of the philosophical questions that Bradbury wants us to ponder with “There Will Come Soft Rains.” The people are dead, and the house continues on. Its robots still function, regulated by the time-oriented society that humans...

The chronology is important in this story because it creates suspense and helps the reader understand the effect of no longer having humans.

Eight-one, tick-tock, eight-one o'clock, off to school, off to work, run, run, eight-one! But no doors slammed, no carpets took the soft tread of rubber heels. It was raining outside. The weather box on the front door sang quietly: "Rain, rain, go away; rubbers, raincoats for today…”

The ticking off of the time increases suspense because as the automated house goes through the motions even as its clear that the people are only spots of paint, the reader knows that the clock is moving toward something. We do not know what until the fire starts.

At ten o'clock the house began to die.

The wind blew. A falling tree bough crashed through the kitchen window. Cleaning solvent,bottled, shattered over the stove. The room was ablaze in an instant!

"Fire!" screamed a voice. The house lights flashed, water pumps shot water from the ceilings. …

The countdown to the fire is even more tragic because of the fact that the automated house is counting off time for people who do not exist. It is continuing to make breakfast and call out announcements, but it does not acknowledge that the people are long gone. The reader knows that something is going to happen, and the fire is that something.

Humans are emotional creatures. Appliances and robots are not. In this story, the personification of the house and its automaton inhabitants as the clock ticks creates suspense that makes the reader ponder his own mortality as the residents of the house get closer to theirs.

What kinds of public amenities were separate for people of different races?

The United States had legalized segregation for many years. During this time, there were a series of laws known as the Jim Crow Laws that created separate facilities for blacks and for whites.

For a period of time, segregation existed in almost all aspects of society. The Plessy v Ferguson Supreme Court case legalized this segregation. This specific case dealt with railroad cars. Homer Plessy sued because he had to sit in the railroad car reserved for African-Americans. The Supreme Court ruled that this was legal as long as the facilities were equal. This was known as the “separate but equal” doctrine.

Other aspects of public life that were separated by race included drinking fountains, schools, seating sections on buses, restaurants, and bathrooms. It wasn’t until the 1950s and the 1960s that this began to change. The Brown v Board of Education case in 1954 made this concept illegal in public schools. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public facilities.

The struggle to deal with segregation has been a long and difficult process.

If Jill starts out at 20 m/s, and in 10 seconds speeds up to 40 m/s, what is her acceleration?

Hello!

The acceleration is probably considered constant (uniform). Denote it as `a(m/s^2).`

Then during each second Jill's speed `V` becomes more by `a m/s.` Therefore for any time `t` after the start the speed is `V(t) = V_0 + a t,` where `V_0 = 20 m/s` is the initial speed.

It is given that for the final moment `t_1 = 10 s` the speed is `V_1 = 40 m/s.` Therefore `V_1 = V(t_1) = V_0 + a t_1,`...

Hello!

The acceleration is probably considered constant (uniform). Denote it as `a(m/s^2).`

Then during each second Jill's speed `V` becomes more by `a m/s.` Therefore for any time `t` after the start the speed is `V(t) = V_0 + a t,` where `V_0 = 20 m/s` is the initial speed.

It is given that for the final moment `t_1 = 10 s` the speed is `V_1 = 40 m/s.` Therefore `V_1 = V(t_1) = V_0 + a t_1,` and we can easily find `a = (V_1-V_0)/t_1.`

In numbers it is equal to `(40-20)/10 = 2 (m/s^2).` This is the answer.

That said, `40 m/s` and even `20 m/s` is too high speed for running, probably Jill used some equipment, for example a bicycle. Also note that the same speeds could be reached within non-constant acceleration, but there are infinitely many non-constant functions `a(t)` which satisfy the given conditions.

In "The Raven" by Poe, what strange effect does the raven have on the narrator?

In Edgar Allen Poe's "The Raven," a melancholy student is visited by a raven who utters the famous, cryptic phrase, "Nevermore." Though the student reasons that the bird probably learned the phrase from a past master, he begins to act very strangely in the presence of the bird. More specifically, he begins a sort of dialogue with the raven, culminating with an inquiry about his former love, Lenore, and whether or not he will be...

The strange effect here is that the raven's presence causes the narrator to gradually believe that the bird is a sinister omen or some kind of supernatural emissary bent on heightening his depression. In reality, the bird is probably none of those things. As the narrator himself says, it's likely that the bird learned "Nevermore" from a human and dumbly repeats the phrase without a sinister motive (or any motive at all). Though the narrator knows this fact, he continues to assume that the raven is an evil entity trying to torment him. Based on this strange, totally illogical effect, we gain an insight into the depths of the narrator's depression, and we see how, driven by despair and longing for a lost loved one, the human soul insists on needlessly torturing itself.